The College Experience Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

The College Experience Tomorrow is the main day of what I will turn into. I composed this in my journal the night prior to my first day of school. I was on edge as I envisioned the cliché school room: scholarly understudies, inside and out conversations about slick stuff, and obviously, an easygoing teacher wearing the tweed coat with calfskin elbows. I was additionally sick as I predicted myself suffocating in a cloudy pool of understanding assignments and finals, hearing a profound, discouraging voice ask What would you be able to do with your life? Since at that point, I've settled easily into the school scene and have offered myself the fantasy that I'll hear my calling sometime in the not so distant future, and that my future will acquaint itself with me with a tough handshake. I can't totally freed my still, small voice from the real world, in any case. My advanced degree and school experience has gotten a kind of erratic, and restless night, in which I have superb dreams and thoughts, however when I stir to apply these yearnings, reality sounds as a six thirty caution and my fantasies are overlooked. As of not long ago, I've viewed myself as a conclusive individual, capable... The College Experience Essay - Personal Narrative Writing The College Experience Tomorrow is the primary day of what I will turn into. I composed this in my journal the night prior to my first day of school. I was on edge as I envisioned the cliché school room: scholarly understudies, inside and out conversations about perfect stuff, and obviously, an easygoing educator wearing the tweed coat with calfskin elbows. I was likewise sick as I predicted myself suffocating in a dim pool of understanding assignments and finals, hearing a profound, discouraging voice ask What would you be able to do with your life? Since at that point, I've settled serenely into the school scene and have offered myself the fantasy that I'll hear my calling sometime in the not so distant future, and that my future will acquaint itself with me with a strong handshake. I can't totally freed my still, small voice from the real world, nonetheless. My advanced degree and school experience has gotten a kind of erratic, and restless night, in which I have superb dreams and thoughts, however whe n I stir to apply these desires, reality sounds as a six thirty alert and my fantasies are overlooked. Up to this point, I've viewed myself as a definitive individual, capable...

Pascal free essay sample

This appraisal covers Outcomes 3 of HN Unit Managing People and Organizations (F84T 34). It depends looking into it investigation of Scotia Airways. You should answer the entirety of the accompanying inquiries, giving individual reactions to every one. As a guide, all things considered, an agreeable reaction to a solitary inquiry will be around 200-300 words long, anyway there is no obligatory word check. You may incorporate outlines and additionally tables in at least one of your reactions. On the off chance that you do as such, an appropriate going with clarification ought to be given. 1. 0 Assess the fundamental highlights of administrative work and clarify/layout the primary jobs and exercises of administrators inside Scotia Airways. 1. 1 The Nature of Managerial Work According to McFarland, overseeing is a procedure by which capable people in an association join assets to accomplish given finishes. It can likewise be characterized as the compelling use and co-appointment of assets, for example, capital, plant, materials and work so as to accomplish characterized goals with most extreme effectiveness. We will compose a custom paper test on Pascal or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page (SQA 2013 P158) 1. 2 Roles Mintzberg 1. 2. 1 The instructive jobs These are jobs that include getting, scanning for, procuring and dispersing data including screen, disseminator and representative. (SQA 2013 P161) 2. 0 Describe the estimation of two systems that could be utilized to quantify administrative execution and legitimize how each could be utilized to evaluate administrative execution in Scotia Airways 3. 0 Identify and clarify a conduct hypothesis of administration and feature its pertinence to Scotia Airways. 4. 0 Identify and clarify either a possibility or transformational hypothesis of administration and feature its relevance to Scotia Airways 5. 0 Given the arranged development that Scotia have attempted, examine how hypotheses of administration could be utilized to improve how directors lead staff through this change.

Positive Affirmations for Social Anxiety

Positive Affirmations for Social Anxiety Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print Positive Affirmations for Social Anxiety By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 30, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Positive thoughts can help lift you away from anxiety. Getty / Stone / Anthony Harvie If you live with social anxiety disorder (SAD), you might consider using positive affirmations as a way to improve your self-esteem and reduce anxiety.?? Research indicates that self-affirmations may help to reduce your sensitivity to threatâ€"which often forms the basis of social anxiety. In addition, higher self-esteem has been shown to predict less anxious responses.??  In this way, using positive affirmations may both boost your self-esteem (and as a result reduce anxiety) as well as make situations seem less threatening.   Breaking Away From Negative Thoughts Below is a list of negative statements that you may think about yourself if you live with social anxiety.?? First, find the negative thoughts that you typically have from the list below. I cant handle being around people.Its scary meeting new people.Parties make me nervous.I get so anxious in social situations.Im so awkward.Im not good at anything.Everyone can see how shy I am.I hate meeting new people.I feel anxious.I cant handle eye contact.Crowds make me uncomfortable.I get anxious around people.I get nervous when I meet new people.I get scared meeting new people.Its easier for me to avoid people.I have trouble keeping in touch with people.I dont like being around people.People dont like me.Talking to people is hard.I get anxious during conversations.I dont like making conversation.I get uptight around people.I get worked up around people.I am anxious in social situations.I get worked up in social situations.I get worried when I am around people.I feel so out of control.I get worked up in social situations.I lose control in social situations.I cant catch my breathI run out of breath.I am weak.I am afraid.I get nervous speaking in public.I get anxious eating in fro nt of people.I cant eat in front of people.My hands are so shaky.I cant use public restrooms.I am stupid.I am a bad person.Nobody likes me.I am worthless.I am a failure.I am incompetent. See how this list isnt helping you at all? You wouldnt feel too good if someone else was telling you that you were all these thingsâ€"so why do you tell them to yourself? Realize that your thoughts are just thoughts, not necessarily true or accurate. You have the ability to choose a different thought, so why not choose something that makes you feel good? If at first it feels like too much of a stretch to say good things about yourself, choose affirmations that are neutral, or add a qualifier such as Im getting better at X. Over time, you will eventually start to feel like the affirmations are not so much of a stretch.?? Using Positive Affirmations Below is a list of positive affirmations to counter the list of 44 negative affirmations above. I am confident.Its easy to meet new people.I am relaxed at parties.I am relaxed in social situations.People think I am confident.There are a lot of good things about me.I am a friendly person.I like meeting new people.I am carefree.Eye contact is easy for me.I feel comfortable in crowds.I am comfortable around people.I am relaxed when meeting new people.I look forward to meeting new people.Spending time with people is fun for me.I hang out with people easily.I like being around people.Other people like me.Talking to people is easy.I am relaxed when talking to people.Conversation is fun for me.I am relaxed around people.I stay calm around people.I am calm in social situations.I am relaxed in social situations.I am confident around people.I stay calm in new situations.I stay relaxed in new situations.I feel in control in social situations.I take deep breaths.I breathe slowly.I am strong.I am brave.I am a confident public speaker.I feel confident eating in front of others.I relax during meals with others.I can write easily in front of others.I am relaxed using public restrooms.I am intelligent.I am a good person.People like me.I am a worthwhile person.I can accomplish goals I set for myself.I am competent. A Word From Verywell Positive affirmations are just one method of reducing negative thoughts that can perpetuate social anxiety.?? If you find that using positive affirmations is not helping, and you are living with significant daily anxiety, it is important that you contact your doctor for a referral to a mental health professional who can assess your situation and the best course of treatment. The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

Texas Womans University Admissions SAT Scores, Costs

With an acceptance rate of 86%, Texas Womans University is not highly selective, and students with good grades and test scores have a good chance of being admitted to the school. Applicants will need to submit high school transcripts and scores from either the SAT or the ACT. For more information, check out the schools website or contact the admissions office. Admissions Data (2016): Texas Womans University Acceptance Rate: 86%Test Scores -- 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 410 / 520SAT Math: 420 / 530SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 17 / 23ACT English: 15 / 23ACT Math: 17 / 23What these ACT numbers mean Texas Womans University Description: Texas Womans University is a public, four-year institution in Denton, Texas, with additional locations in Dallas and Houston. The  University of North Texas  is under two miles away. TWU is the largest womens university in the country (note that some programs do admit men). The university offers bachelors, masters and doctoral degrees across a wide range of academic fields, and in recent years TWU has expanded its online offerings significantly. Academics are supported by a 17 to 1 student / faculty ratio. In the  U.S. News and World Report  2012 Best Colleges issue, TWU was named in the top three in Texas and in the top 10 in the US among colleges with the most diverse student populations. Campus life is active with over 100 student clubs and organizations, as well as an active Greek life. The university also offers intramural sports including dodge ball, indoor volleyball, and Quidditch. The TWU Pioneers compete at the intercollegiate level as a member of the NCAA Division II  Lone Star Conference  (LSC) with sports including soccer, volleyball, and gymnastics.   Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 15,655 (10,407  undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 13% Male / 87% Female67% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Tuition and Fees: $7,238  (in-state); $17,030 (out-of-state)Books: $1,050 (why so much?)Room and Board: $7,578Other Expenses: $3,006Total Cost: $18,872 (in-state); $28,664 (out-of-state) Texas Womans University Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 92%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 85%Loans: 59%Average Amount of AidGrants: $8,424Loans: $5,282 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Biology, Business Administration, Child Development, Criminal Justice, General Studies, Health and Wellness, Interdisciplinary Studies, Kinesiology, Nursing, Nutrition Sciences, Psychology, Social Work Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 79%Transfer Out Rate: 38%4-Year Graduation Rate: 21%6-Year Graduation Rate: 38% Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics Interested in Texas Womans University? You May Also Like These Colleges: Texas Tech University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTexas Christian University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBaylor University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of North Texas:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAgnes Scott College:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUT Arlington:  ProfileUT Dallas:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUT Austin:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphStephen F. Austin State University:  ProfileTexas AM University Commerce:  ProfileTexas State University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Houston:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Texas Womans University Mission Statement: mission statement from  http://www.twu.edu/administration/twu-mission/ Texas Woman’s University builds on its long tradition as a public institution primarily for women by educating a diverse community of students to lead personally and professionally fulfilling lives.   TWU prepares women and men for leadership and service through high quality undergraduate, graduate  and professional programs on campus and at a distance.   A TWU education ignites potential, purpose and a pioneering spirit.

School Prayer The Rise Of A Church State Or Freedom

School Prayer the Rise of a Church State or Freedom Religious freedom is one of the many freedoms our great nation has worked so hard to protect. During the early 1700’s many different states made laws only allowing people of certain religions or certain beliefs able to hold a state office causing much contention and oppression. Thomas Jefferson tried to draft a bill that guaranteed all citizens of any religion or no religion, legal equality in the state but his attempts failed. He stated â€Å"The legitimate powers of government extend to such acts only as are injurious to others. But it does me no injury for my neighbor to say there are twenty gods, or no god. It neither picks my pocket or breaks my leg.(Levinson, 2012, para.24). James Madison, while Thomas Jefferson was one of his good friends (Mansfield,1995), commenced the First Amendment to the constitution because he did not want congress authorizing a â€Å"National† religion that would cause conflict with the many different religious denominations (Evans, 1995). The First Amendment of the constitution was supposed to clarify this issue, by the separation of church and state. School prayer is a very controversial topic because it has to do with the government dealing with one s religious beliefs and tolerance. On the other hand though, what happens when a Senior at graduation gets up and says a prayer or implies something about his/her belief in God? Where does her Freedom of Speech come in? Everyone is suppose toShow MoreRelatedReligion in Public Schools Essay1131 Words   |  5 PagesDefinition: Religion in school is the practice of any personal religious beliefs in a place of education. Introduction: In recent years teaching or the individual practice of religion in school has become a very controversial topic. There are many different views on this matter and even more opinions on how it should be handled. There are people on both sides of the spectrum, there are those who believe that it should be taught and allowed in school, and there are those who believe it shouldRead More Supporting Prayer in Public Schools Essay1078 Words   |  5 Pagesor not to allow prayer in public schools. Many Americans feel it is not right of the schools to teach religion. With all the diversity associated with the United States, public schools cannot select one standard religion to practice, due to the cultural and religious differences in the country. Not only are schools the storm center of controversy involving religious differences, they are the principal institution charged with transmitting the identity and mission of the United States from one generationRead MorePros and Cons of Teaching Creationism in School1197 Words   |  5 PagesFor this research paper I am going to discuss the pros and the cons about Creationism in school and why I feel that it should be left out of the public school system. Even though I am writing about both sides of the issue, I feel, for most part, that religion should be kept out of schools. I will present both sides of my topic and make a stand on why I feel that religion does not belong in public schools. Some of the pros of Creationism are that students have to think beyond the box. CreationismRead More Strengthen the Separation between Church and State Essay1548 Words   |  7 PagesStrengthen the Separation between Church and State First Amendment issues of the separation of church and state and state establishment of religion have long been litigated in the federal courts. Until recently, the Supreme Court had a consistent track record of preventing the intermingling of religion and government, especially when it came to the nations public schools. Yet this past year, a newly activist conservative court has set about rewriting some of the Warren Courts judicial legacyRead MoreEssay on To Pray or Not to Pray in Schools1503 Words   |  7 Pagesor Not to Pray in Schools The trend of taking God and moral teaching out of schools is a diabolical scheme, declared the Reverend Billy Graham soon after the Engel versus Vitale and Schempp verdict (Haas 30). The debate over the separation of church and state had been swirling through courtrooms for years. The controversy over school prayer in the Engel versus Vitale case started over a prayer recited in the New York public school system, known as the Regents Prayer. A group of threeRead MoreThe Controversial Issue of Teaching Religion in Public Schools2528 Words   |  11 PagesThe Controversial Issue of Teaching Religion in Public Schools Religion and public schooling, is one of todays most controversial issues in society . The question at hand is whether the teachers in the public schools should teach religion in Americas school systems or not. This controversy has been the issue of many Supreme Court rulings within the past thirty-five years. Separation of church and state seems inevitable for this nation. Problems keep arising and court rulings are handedRead MoreReligious Freedom Essay3039 Words   |  13 PagesThe United States of America was founded with a credo of religious freedom. They hoped to change the vicious cycle of religious persecution and intolerance that had been swirling through Europe for centuries. Over the last two hundred years this legacy has been shredded and stained. Our religious freedoms have been taken away by people who have twisted what our country was founded to protect. The North American continent was settled by thousands of refugees from different religious persecutionsRead MoreEssay On No Religion726 Words   |  3 Pagesbelief runs deeper than just the rise in nonbelievers. Many of those marking Christian on the Census are expressing a â€Å"cultural† preference rather than genuine religious belief. A 2012 McCrindle survey reported one third of Christians were more spiritual than religious. In that respect, Australian data on Christian religious observance mirrors that of other western countries such as the UK, Ireland and the Scandinavian countries. Less than 10% of us attend church regularly, and the majority of weddingsRead MoreEssay On No Religion745 Words   |  3 Pagesour society runs deeper than the rise in No religion. Many of those marking Christian on the Census are expressing a â€Å"cultural† preference rather than genuine religious belief. A 2012 McCrindle survey reported one third of Christians were more spiritual than religious. In that respect, Australian data on Christian religious observance mirrors that of other western countries such as the UK, Ireland and the Scandinavian countries. Less than 10% of us attend church regularly, and the majority of weddingsRead MoreThe Growth Of American Individuality1721 Words   |  7 Pagesexplain the workings of the world; they depended on gods to protect their crops and homes from disease, drought, and other disasters far out of human control. While this dependency provided comfort, it sacrificed individuality. Recent years has seen the rise of alternative forms of media: novels, digital music, movies. These were not available to previous civilizations. Early Americans only had access to the Bible, which was unreadable to the average illiterate. Newer forms of media have spurned a nation-wide

Business Proposal Free Essays

Business Proposal Melissa Wojciehowski ECO561 March 14, 2013 Ed Hartman Business Proposal Thomas Money Service (TMS) Inc. opened its doors in 1940 with the primary purpose of supplying the average household with loans for everyday needs. Since its origination, the company’s success has spawned an expansion including business loans, business acquisition financing, and commercial real estate loans. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1946 Thomas merged with Future Growth Inc. , an equipment financing company. The merger proved to be a smart move for TMS as they became a viable reckoning force within the forestry and construction industries. From the beginning to mid-2005 TMS proved to be a very successful company and relished all its stature. Like many businesses, TMS experienced drastic losses in stock values because of the economy, and resulted in the need to lay off some of its employees. Natural disasters such as flooding, forest fires, animal activist protesters, and the recent economic crisis were reasons TMS experienced a loss in sales in previous years. The purpose of this proposal is to present suggestions on how TMS can increase revenue, achieve production levels, determine how costs can be attuned to maximize profits, suggest a mix of pricing and non-pricing strategies, and create barriers to entry into the market if possible. This proposal will also look into ways on how the company can increase product differentiation, and if there is other means to minimize the cost for the product. Increasing Revenue Because of the recent decrease in sales, TMS should first consider the marginal revenue and cost profit maximizing guide to determine whether there significant profit will produce to validate producing building and forestry equipment. Based on data gathered, after completing the analysis it proves that the marginal revenue exceed the marginal cost proving that no more would be added to cost than to revenue. If profits are maximized, prices need to be in excess of the average total cost where (P=MC output) as prices are kept at the equilibrium point to maximize revenue. Consumers need a production differentiation because this reflects on the demand of the product. Advertising is a strong marketing tool used to show the public what FGI can offer, not just price wise, but when comparing the quality between competing parties. Thomas Money Inc. can also incorporate its employees into the plan by enhancing customer service and drawing on the idea of expanding into the building of the medical industry. Thomas Money Inc. can also increase revenue by finding new ways to improve the production levels. Because the company manufactures its own brand of forestry and building , they have an advantage over their rivals because they can brand, patent, or license its own products. Investing in companies from within the medical industry, a new focus can be placed on the construction of nursing homes and hospitals that will also assist with increasing revenue. Reducing prices and a strong advertising campaign are ways the company can increase demand for its product in turn boosting levels from revenue to production. Maximizing Profits Thomas Money Inc. as the potential to maximize profits, especially after the information stated that marginal revenue exceeds marginal costs. Increasing revenues and limiting variable costs are the primary motives for the company therefore FGI will need to shift from its consumer targeting from new equipment to used equipment. By focusing on the used equipment and liquidating the repossessed units will generate an increase to marginal revenue since the variab le costs for those units do not exist. The company does not have to stop producing new equipment, but the level of new production need to follow the economic condition and markets to retain normal profit. In calculating the data provided additional revenue can be achieved by integrating resource and production efficiency. In using a series of short-run production analysis and application techniques FGI can maximize profits using the total revenue and total cost approach. With total revenue of $2,600 and total cost of $1,050, it produces an economic profit of $1,550 before the law of diminishing returns begins to affect it negatively. Fixed costs maintain the same output level and variable costs fluctuates at each level increasing at more than $50 dollars, it is recommended that the company look into the cost of advertisement. Although it is a much needed source to increasing revenue and production levels, there need to be another alternative to advertising during the super bowl events especially since it is very costly during that event. Other methods of advertisement can be in the form of newspaper ads, and local TV channels. Creating Price, Non-price strategies and barriers to market entry In every market the primary goal for companies is to sustain or increase profitability, especially during a slow-down of the economy. Ways of doing so is by limiting marginal costs of production and maintain a fair or comparable market selling price to keep consumers from buying from other rivals. As companies incur marginal cost of producing, it triggers a trickling effect where those costs are transferred into the market price that in turn is believed by the consumers. The result is a decrease in consumer demand for the product which creates a loss in profits for the company and consumers looking at other companies for similar products or substitutes. When considering pricing strategies, consumer expectations must be considered. Pricing should be set based on several factors such as geographical location, market segment, and economic conditions. Being flexible toward pricing policies change based on the dynamics of the market is the recommendation for the company. Non-price strategies and barriers to market entry are effective ways of sustaining economic profit and provide a higher potential for increased revenues and maximizing profits. Investing in research and development, becoming technologically equipped, and implement a strong consumer-oriented programs to substantiate the organizations appreciation and show organizational worth of those consumers expectations, demand, and wants. (McConnell) As mentioned previously, some barriers to entry should include patents for designs, copyrights, and branding of Thomas Money Inc and FGI within the current and future economic markets (McConnell) Product Differentiation and other cost saving measures Product differentiation is achieved by ensuring an entity’s products are established from all other organizations within the market, which includes establishing a product mix appropriate to Thomas Money Service Inc. and FGI’s goals and objectives. The improvement of equipment through research and development in the nursing and hospital market through merging, acquiring, or investing in other existing and reliable organizations validates a strong product mix across various market. Thomas Money Service Inc. nd FGI may reduce internal costs through various and simple methods that strengthens increase in revenue, profit maximization, sustaining applicable market pricing, establishing product, mixes and differentiation through high quality. Some cost saving measures includes establishing a strong purpose toward product improvement and eliminating unnecessary areas of productivity. Conclusion In summary, to sustain the goals of continuing to be a competitive and profitable co mpany this business proposal has considered the market conditions in which the company performs. The rate of success Thomas Money Service Inc. and FGI have maintained over the long years of performance provides the basis for the proposal made to increase revenue, employ profit maximization, establish product mix and differentiation, establish price and non-price barriers to market entry, and reduce costs. The design and strategic approach under the business proposal is to ensure the continuance, profitability, and stability of both Thomas Money Service Inc. and FGI providing a strong a basis for expansion, promoting growth, and development for future years respectively. How to cite Business Proposal, Papers Business Proposal Free Essays MAGALANG CHRISTIAN ECUMENICAL SCHOOL, Inc. Marbea Subd. , Sta. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cruz, Magalang, Pampanga In Partial Fulfillment for the Requirement in Technology and Livelihood Education IV Business Proposal â€Å"COCO KNOTS† Submitted by: Lean Carlo R. Gamboa Submitted to: Mrs. Alelie Sapnu-Duldulao Date submitted: February 4, 2013 I. Introduction The scientific name for coconut is Cocos nucifera. Early Spanish explorers called it coco, which means â€Å"monkey face† because the three indentations (eyes) on the hairy nut resemble the head and face of a monkey. Nucifera means â€Å"nut-bearing. † Coconut is highly nutritious and rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals. It is classified as a â€Å"functional food† because it provides many health benefits beyond its nutritional content. The coconut palm is so highly valued by many as both a source of food and medicine that it is called â€Å"The Tree of Life. † The coconut provides a nutritious source of meat, juice, milk, and oil that has fed and nourished populations around the world for generations. Naturally refreshing, coconut water has a sweet, nutty taste. It contains easily digested carbohydrate in the form of sugar and electrolytes. Coconut water has less sugar than many sports drinks and much less sugar than sodas and some fruit juices. Plain coconut water could be a better choice for adults and kids looking for a beverage that is less sweet. I choose this business because coconut water is becoming popular nowadays. People also are becoming health-conscious and they pick coco water instead of sodas or other fruit juices. Coconut is also cheap and affordable. II. Objectives 1. To earn profit. 2. To gain knowledge about the nature of business. 3. To help people and give them satisfaction. 4. To promote coconut water/coconut juice. III. Management Plan Management is the act of managing, controlling or conducting a business. Organizational structure is under the management plan. These are the people who provide labor that receive salaries while the owner receives the profit. * Organizational Structure -FIGURE 1- * ————————————————- Owner: responsible for controlling or administering all or part of a company; activities and business dealings. * ————————————————- Cashier: responsible for the payments and receipts of the costumer. * ————————————————- Worker: responsible in producing the products that are for sale. Table 1: Salaries of the employees. Employees| Working Hours| Monthly| Yearly| Cashier| 9:00am – 7:00pm| P 5, 000. 00| P 60, 000. 00| Worker #1| 9:00am – 6:00pm| P 3, 500. 00| P 42, 000. 00| Worker #2| 11:00am – 8:00pm| P 3, 500. 00| P 42, 000. 00| Table 2: Time Frame Activities| Jan| Feb| Mar| Apr| May| Jun| Jul| Aug| Sept| Oct| Nov| Dec| Preparation of business| | X| X| | | | | | | | | | Negotiation of financing| | | | X| X| | | | | | | | Registration of business| | | | | | X| X| | | | | | Setting-up production| | | | | | | | X| X| | | | Start of business| | | | | | | | | | X| | | IV. Marketing Plan Marketing  is the process used to determine what products or services may be of interest to customers, and the strategy to use in sales, communications and business development. It includes all the activities to develop a product and to move it from the producers to the consumers. Marketing can be divided into four categories called 4 – P’s: the product, price, place and promotion. * Product and Price ITEMS| PRICE| 1 Liter| P100. 00| 1 500 ml bottled coconut water| P55. 00| 1 250 ml bottled coconut water| P30. 00| 500 ml bottled coconut shake| P70. 00| 1 250 ml bottled coconut shake| P40. 00| * Channel of Distribution Schools/Students: 50% Office Workers: 20%Walk-in buyers: 30% Figure 2: Coco Knots will be located near the AUF School and Hospital. It is the best area for my business since my target clients/customers are mostly students and employees of nearby business establishments. * Place: In front of Angeles University Foundation and Hospital. * Promotion: First I will advertise my products online, we all know that the net is widely-use nowadays. I will put streamers, posters and tarpaulins along the roads and at highly-populated places. On my opening day, I will offer free 250 ml bottle coconut water for every purchase of 1 liter of coconut water or 500 ml of coconut shake. For the first 10 persons to buy two 500ml of coconut shake gets a free Coco. Knots notebook. V. Production Plan Production is the act of creating ‘use’ value or ‘utility’ that can satisfy a want or need. It is the process on how certain products has been made or produced. * Flow Chart: Figure 1. ————————————————- Buy ingredients and equipments in the market: buy all of the ingredients and equipments needed for the production of your products. 2. ————————————————- Cleaning and preparing equipments: clean the equipments that will be use. Arrange the equipments needed. 3. ————————————————- Set up store area: Check the store if it has defects. 4. ————————————————- Packaging: It will be packed and ready for selling. VI. Tables A) Income Statement COCO. KNOTS’INCOME STATEMENT| Gross Sales | | P1, 019,520. 00| Beginning Inventory| P0. 00| | Purchases | P693,000. 00| | Total cost of goods available for sale| P693,000. 00| | Less: Inventory End| P27,720. 00| | Total cost of goods sold | | P665,280. 00| Gross Profit on Sales| | P354,240. 00| Less Operating Expenses| | | Selling Expense| P 74,300. 00| | Salaries and Wages| P 144, 000. 00| | Total Expenses| | P 218, 300. 00| | | | Net Profit| | P135,940. 00| | ASSETS| LIABILITIES| Cash P478, 220. 00 | Advances from Parents P300,000. 0 | Equipments P30, 000. 00| | Inventory 27, 720. 00| Coco Knot’s Capital P 100,000. 00 Net Income P135,940. 00| | | Total Assets P535, 940. 00 | Total Liabilities and Prop. Capital P535,940. 00| | | . A) Owner’s Equity/ Proprietorship Assets – Liabilities = Owner’s Equity/Proprietorship ASSETS| LIABILITIES| OWNER’S EQUITY/PROPRIETORSHIP| P535,940. 00| P300,000. 00| P235,940. 00| How to cite Business Proposal, Papers Business Proposal Free Essays Customers can print cards for free, which means they don’t have to purchase the card in-store. It is my Job to provide an effective solution. Background Each employee must make a standard of 480 per week equaling out to 100% order filling, with an acceptance of 90% for the week. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fillers should also have no errors with an acceptance of one error per one hundred cards. All orders should be accurate according to the consumers pick list. We thought it would help the company if we had a way for customers to access cards via internet. Cards are free and you can design them yourself. They can be printed or sent via email. Proposed Approach and Work Plan In our first approach we will observe the fillers in this department to make sure that loitering is the only underlying issue. We do not have a problem with employees socializing, but there is a Job to be done. If our consumers are not satisfied with our delivery then that puts the company in a hard place. We are falling behind, which causes us to lose money. Employees must be able to complete the work required of them in order for our business to remain steady. The issue that we are having is not with all of the employees, but it is effecting everyone. Each filler will have to check their orders before taking them to the line. After the orders are placed on the line, a ICQ checker will recheck the order to make sure it is correct according to its specific pick list. Since the orders are being double checked there should be little to no errors. The point of checking the orders more than once is to cut down on the number of errors in each order. The way the employees are working will also be observed. I think it would be best if we put someone on the floor hey are unfamiliar with rather than their team leader or a supervisor. Most times when employees see authority they change their routine so that it is pleasing in the eyes of the supervisor. The person that we put on the floor will be able to observe them for a week. At the end of the week he/she will report to us and we will go further from there. Employees lack the training and development required to perform their Job duties to the high standards of their employer (Scott, 2014). If this is the case, it is the employer and human resource responsibility to produce an action plan to help the employee develop the skills necessary to improve Job performance (Scott, 2014). It is important that you address performance issues as they arise and pursue a progressive approach to discipline (Rutgers). If the report from our source reveal that loitering is the main issue, we will then conduct a department meeting. In the department meeting we will discuss the issue with the employees. We will also discuss how it is effecting the company. After the discussion, we will tell them the consequences of not performing their Job duties to the best of their ability. If tankard is not met in the week, they will receive a write up. After they receive three write ups the employee will be terminated. Disciplining employees is a difficult part of supervision and management (Rutgers). Our customers enjoy the Cards. I don’t feel we should stop the free services, but they should be limited. All of the cards should not be free. I know the goal is to draw in more customers, but the goal is also to make money. I think we should offer a certain amount of free Cards when the customers sign up and when they recommend the website to other people. I think if we take this approach we would ran more money. We may lose some customers, but I think in the end we would still profit. Conclusion The graph displayed is Just an example of the possible projections of our employees. The numbers are displayed as a single number but it is actually in hundreds. Each week their standard progresses. We hope the actual projections are better because these are Just average. Our goal is to make our consumers, customers and employees happy. In order to make this happen we need to work together. If we have employees that are willing to work and be productive, our company will continue to grow. Employee motivation is suppose to be a good way to get employees to do what you want them to do, according to Deed Parr. It is important to get to know your employees. Showing and being concerned about your employees motivate them, which produces better production. A strong and healthy work environment is always needed no matter what kind of business you are operating. When you find out what your employees interests are it is good to use them as positive reinforcement. The more personalized the incentive is the more motivation you will achieve and the greater the productivity (Parr, 2004). Unfit the company. Getting know your employees are important, but you do have those employees that are Just outright stubborn. You Just have those people that Just don’t want to work (Stone, 2014). It will be up to human resources to come up with some vital information to help with the interviewing of the potential employees. I believe that with proper information our employees will benefit as well as the company. I think we would also need to conduct an observation of the Cards on the website after the proposed changes. How to cite Business Proposal, Papers Business Proposal Free Essays Business Proposal Melissa Wojciehowski ECO561 March 14, 2013 Ed Hartman Business Proposal Thomas Money Service (TMS) Inc. opened its doors in 1940 with the primary purpose of supplying the average household with loans for everyday needs. Since its origination, the company’s success has spawned an expansion including business loans, business acquisition financing, and commercial real estate loans. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1946 Thomas merged with Future Growth Inc. , an equipment financing company. The merger proved to be a smart move for TMS as they became a viable reckoning force within the forestry and construction industries. From the beginning to mid-2005 TMS proved to be a very successful company and relished all its stature. Like many businesses, TMS experienced drastic losses in stock values because of the economy, and resulted in the need to lay off some of its employees. Natural disasters such as flooding, forest fires, animal activist protesters, and the recent economic crisis were reasons TMS experienced a loss in sales in previous years. The purpose of this proposal is to present suggestions on how TMS can increase revenue, achieve production levels, determine how costs can be attuned to maximize profits, suggest a mix of pricing and non-pricing strategies, and create barriers to entry into the market if possible. This proposal will also look into ways on how the company can increase product differentiation, and if there is other means to minimize the cost for the product. Increasing Revenue Because of the recent decrease in sales, TMS should first consider the marginal revenue and cost profit maximizing guide to determine whether there significant profit will produce to validate producing building and forestry equipment. Based on data gathered, after completing the analysis it proves that the marginal revenue exceed the marginal cost proving that no more would be added to cost than to revenue. If profits are maximized, prices need to be in excess of the average total cost where (P=MC output) as prices are kept at the equilibrium point to maximize revenue. Consumers need a production differentiation because this reflects on the demand of the product. Advertising is a strong marketing tool used to show the public what FGI can offer, not just price wise, but when comparing the quality between competing parties. Thomas Money Inc. can also incorporate its employees into the plan by enhancing customer service and drawing on the idea of expanding into the building of the medical industry. Thomas Money Inc. can also increase revenue by finding new ways to improve the production levels. Because the company manufactures its own brand of forestry and building , they have an advantage over their rivals because they can brand, patent, or license its own products. Investing in companies from within the medical industry, a new focus can be placed on the construction of nursing homes and hospitals that will also assist with increasing revenue. Reducing prices and a strong advertising campaign are ways the company can increase demand for its product in turn boosting levels from revenue to production. Maximizing Profits Thomas Money Inc. as the potential to maximize profits, especially after the information stated that marginal revenue exceeds marginal costs. Increasing revenues and limiting variable costs are the primary motives for the company therefore FGI will need to shift from its consumer targeting from new equipment to used equipment. By focusing on the used equipment and liquidating the repossessed units will generate an increase to marginal revenue since the variab le costs for those units do not exist. The company does not have to stop producing new equipment, but the level of new production need to follow the economic condition and markets to retain normal profit. In calculating the data provided additional revenue can be achieved by integrating resource and production efficiency. In using a series of short-run production analysis and application techniques FGI can maximize profits using the total revenue and total cost approach. With total revenue of $2,600 and total cost of $1,050, it produces an economic profit of $1,550 before the law of diminishing returns begins to affect it negatively. Fixed costs maintain the same output level and variable costs fluctuates at each level increasing at more than $50 dollars, it is recommended that the company look into the cost of advertisement. Although it is a much needed source to increasing revenue and production levels, there need to be another alternative to advertising during the super bowl events especially since it is very costly during that event. Other methods of advertisement can be in the form of newspaper ads, and local TV channels. Creating Price, Non-price strategies and barriers to market entry In every market the primary goal for companies is to sustain or increase profitability, especially during a slow-down of the economy. Ways of doing so is by limiting marginal costs of production and maintain a fair or comparable market selling price to keep consumers from buying from other rivals. As companies incur marginal cost of producing, it triggers a trickling effect where those costs are transferred into the market price that in turn is believed by the consumers. The result is a decrease in consumer demand for the product which creates a loss in profits for the company and consumers looking at other companies for similar products or substitutes. When considering pricing strategies, consumer expectations must be considered. Pricing should be set based on several factors such as geographical location, market segment, and economic conditions. Being flexible toward pricing policies change based on the dynamics of the market is the recommendation for the company. Non-price strategies and barriers to market entry are effective ways of sustaining economic profit and provide a higher potential for increased revenues and maximizing profits. Investing in research and development, becoming technologically equipped, and implement a strong consumer-oriented programs to substantiate the organizations appreciation and show organizational worth of those consumers expectations, demand, and wants. (McConnell) As mentioned previously, some barriers to entry should include patents for designs, copyrights, and branding of Thomas Money Inc and FGI within the current and future economic markets (McConnell) Product Differentiation and other cost saving measures Product differentiation is achieved by ensuring an entity’s products are established from all other organizations within the market, which includes establishing a product mix appropriate to Thomas Money Service Inc. and FGI’s goals and objectives. The improvement of equipment through research and development in the nursing and hospital market through merging, acquiring, or investing in other existing and reliable organizations validates a strong product mix across various market. Thomas Money Service Inc. nd FGI may reduce internal costs through various and simple methods that strengthens increase in revenue, profit maximization, sustaining applicable market pricing, establishing product, mixes and differentiation through high quality. Some cost saving measures includes establishing a strong purpose toward product improvement and eliminating unnecessary areas of productivity. Conclusion In summary, to sustain the goals of continuing to be a competitive and profitable co mpany this business proposal has considered the market conditions in which the company performs. The rate of success Thomas Money Service Inc. and FGI have maintained over the long years of performance provides the basis for the proposal made to increase revenue, employ profit maximization, establish product mix and differentiation, establish price and non-price barriers to market entry, and reduce costs. The design and strategic approach under the business proposal is to ensure the continuance, profitability, and stability of both Thomas Money Service Inc. and FGI providing a strong a basis for expansion, promoting growth, and development for future years respectively. How to cite Business Proposal, Essay examples

Community Health Assessment Chronic Disease

Question: Discuss about theCommunity Health Assessment for Chronic Disease. Answer: Introduction Social and economic status of the African Americans in the country is very low and a very high percentage of these people live under poverty and low level living conditions. It is quite understandable that there are serious health problems in this community. The major health issue found in this community is Diabetes. Rate of type II diabetes is two to six times higher in African American community in comparison to white communities. Therefore, paper will discuss the how diabetes is a critical health issue and what are the different contributing factors. Paper will also discuss the nursing intervention for community health and how these interventions can be expanded. Factors Contributing to Diabetes in African Americans Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects the insulin production in the body and increases the sugar level. The most common form of Diabetes is type II diabetes, which is also associated with high cholesterol, obesity, high blood pressure. People suffering with diabetes are at the risk of heart diseases, kidney failure, and also renal diseases. Compared with Caucasians, African Americans are almost twice as likely to suffer from type 2 diabetes and to experience diabetes-related blindness and lower-limb amputations, and two to six times more likely to have kidney disease (Brewer-Lowry et al, 2010). The low income and poor African Americans are more vulnerable to diabetes and other health complications associated with it. Some of the most significant factors affecting the health of African Americans and increasing the prevalence of diabetes are low socio-economic status, racial discrimination, lower access to healthy food, obesity and physical inactivity (Xanthos, Treadwell Holden, 2010). Problem of obesity is most significantly associated with insulin resistant and type II diabetes. Due to low socio-economic status, people are not able to live in healthy living conditions. The annual income of the African Americans is 75% less than Whites. African Americans get the lower income jobs due to lack of high level education, which also increases unemployment in the community. Lower access to healthy food and more intake of junk food increases body weight and obesity. Improper nutrition, excess of body weight and sedentary lifestyle increase prevalence of diabetes (Leger, 2010). Therefore, African American community has to face the heavy burden of diabetes. Current Intervention for Diabetes Prevention Among African Americans The health care related interventions are aimed towards improving the quality of care offered to the African Americans, which includes medical care as well as self-care. Diabetes Prevention Program is being carried for controlling diabetes and many health issues associated with it. The current interventions under this program include the screening and diagnosis of the disease in high risk population. The people diagnosed with obesity or high blood pressure are being recommended for diabetes test. Current interventions also include community educational programs for increasing diabetes related awareness among African American communities. Another current intervention is Healthy People 2020, which is mainly designed for minority communities like African Americans. The primary aim of this program is to reduce the high incidences and prevalence of chronic diseases like diabetes. Under this program, an exercise program and Eat Smart, Move More initiative has been implemented in the Africa n-American community in the North Carolina region. The local health care services are providing educational sessions to minority people to make them aware about the programs. The role of nursing is very significant in current interventions. This is because nurses are the first contact with the high risk population. They can help people to increase their health literacy and remove the communication barriers. Nurses can help the socially vulnerable population with primary care strategies. Better nurse-patient communication can help patients to understand severity of disease, treatment, and importance of adherence to treatment. Nurses play a significant role in health care promotion, as in the current interventions related to exercise and diet improvement programs, nurses can help people to understand the importance of programs through educational sessions, important images and educational videos. (Maurer Smith, 2013). Recommendations for Future Interventions The community based intervention for the diabetes prevention has to be substantial and replicable. The community based interventions can significantly help in improving the behavior and health outcomes. The conventional ways of health promotion can be improved by applying unconventional ways of education components and behavior theories. For the racial and ethnic communities and for those who have lack of access to appropriate healthcare, community health workers can play significant role. According to the study of Treadwell et al (2010), future directions include the need to further establish and refine community collaboration building and partnership development activities with local organizations and agencies to support health promotion and disease prevention targeted to African Americans. The recent evidence based studies have recommended that diabetes control interventions should include lifestyle interventions. The study also states the group based interventions (Paulweber et a l, 2010). According to the study of Lemacks (2013), interventions related to improvement in diet and physical activities can help in disease prevention and health promotion among African Americans. The evidence based study of Xanthos, Treadwell, Holden (2010) suggest that gender specific interventions are also found to be successful in African Americans. Health care providers should be trained for providing gender specific care to target men and women separately for better quality care. For improving the current interventions related to diet improvement, For self care or self management of diabetes, the intervention should include home visit by healthcare professionals (Spencer et al, 2011). The population focused interventions can bring significant changes in the health of people and can also encourage self care. References Brewer-Lowry, A. N., Arcury, T. A., Bell, R. A., Quandt, S. A. (2010). Differentiating approaches to diabetes self-management of multi-ethnic rural older adults at the extremes of glycemic control.The gerontologist,50(5), 657-667. Leger, E. (2010). Prevalence of diabetes in African-American communities: Risk factors and prevention as a social disease. Lemacks, J. (2013). Interventions for improving nutrition and physical activity behaviors in adult African American populations: a systematic review, January 2000 through December 2011.Preventing chronic disease,10. Maurer, F. A., Smith, C. M. (2013).Community/public health nursing practice: Health for families and populations (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: W. B. Saunders. Paulweber, B., Valensi, P., Lindstrm, J., Lalic, N. M., Greaves, C. J., McKee, M., ... Sheppard, K. E. (2010). A European evidence-based guideline for the prevention of type 2 diabetes.Hormone and Metabolic research,42(S 01), S3-S36. Spencer, M. S., Rosland, A. M., Kieffer, E. C., Sinco, B. R., Valerio, M., Palmisano, G., ... Heisler, M. (2011). Effectiveness of a community health worker intervention among African American and Latino adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.American journal of public health,101(12), 2253-2260. Treadwell, H., Holden, K., Hubbard, R., Harper, F., Wright, F., Ferrer, M., ... Kim, E. K. (2010). Addressing obesity and diabetes among African American men: examination of a community-based model of prevention.Journal of the National Medical Association,102(9), 794-802. Xanthos, C., Treadwell, H. M., Holden, K. B. (2010). Social determinants of health among AfricanAmerican men.Journal of Men's Health,7(1), 11-19.

Its Kind of a Funny Story free essay sample

â€Å"Its kind of a funny story† is kind of a funny story. Its about 15-year-old Craig Gilner, who attends a prestigious college prep school that will set him on his way to the right college, the right law school, and the right job on Wall Street assuming he can bring up his 93 average. Studying for his schools entrance exam occupied Craig for months, and he was proud of his perfect score. Now, though, the school is a huge source of stress for him. He feels scattered and depressed, and even though he really likes the doctors who are helping him with his depression, he cant seem to make what he refers to as The Shift, a move back to normal life. When he calls a suicide hotline, they suggest that he go to the emergency room. From there, Craig spends five days on Six North, the adult psychiatric floor of his local hospital. We will write a custom essay sample on Its Kind of a Funny Story or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Six North turns out to be exactly what Craig needs. Away from the stress of high school, parties and friends, he is given the chance to decompress, focus on getting better, and find out what he wants to do to achieve happiness. In this sheltered environment, supported by his doctors and his family, Craig returns to one of his first interests art and makes not only the quirkiest but the most real friends of his life, who help him on his way to healing. Even though there are a lot of serious issues here, you cant help but laugh. The people Craig encounters on Six North arent anything like his friends from school. Craig tries to maintain normal ties with his pals while on Six North, but they dont quite work out. His voice is very honest, and hes not afraid to share the details of a high-stress high school life, including sex, drugs and Egyptian popular music. Read it and weep. Or laugh. Maybe both.

Defining the Symbol1 essays

Defining the Symbol1 essays ?Human beings exist and interact in a reality which they define themselves. Inside of this reality they make use of social objects, that is, anything used between to actors in social situations that have meaning and function in that social environment (Charon 46). Many social objects are used to represent something else and are interpreted to convey more meaning. These social objects are known as symbols and it is the core of the symbolic interactionist perspective. Simply defined, a symbol is something that stands for something else. In Sociology, a symbol is classified as a social object that the members of a society have agreed represents a concept, an object, or an ideal that is not present. They are used to communicate, express intentions, represent objects and groups and define the reality that surrounds us (Charon 46-48). They can be separated into the categories of referential, expressive, and mixed symbols which can be interrupted as both of the previous mentioned types. Referential symbols are used to define and classify parts of reality. They can be used to represent an object in its absence. The wordpencil? is immediately interpreted a shaft of wood with a graphite core used for writing or a mechanical device with the same purpose. Now while the pencil itself is just a social object with a simple function, the wordpencil? acts as a symbol in that it represents the physical object. On a larger scale referential symbols are used to represent entire groups. A red star can be used to represent a political party or philosophy (Charon 50). Referential symbols can also be used to classify groups such as gender. Diana Kendall gives the example of dressing infants in certain colours, blue and red for males and pink and yellow for females, to convey immediately communicate the sex of the child (Kendall 70). These symbols are used as labels and divisions in society. Expressive symbols are used...

Keynesian Aggregate Expenditure Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Keynesian Aggregate Expenditure Model - Essay Example Some aspects of the aggregate demand tend to be stable and alter at a slow pace at any time (Pass & Lowes 8). Other aspects of aggregate demand like Investment expenditure tend to be volatile and change at a short notice, thereby influencing the level of economic activity in a country (Pass & Lowes 8). It is the level of interaction of the aggregate demand with aggregate supply in an economy that determines the equilibrium level of national income (Pass & Lowes 8). A government can resort to fiscal and monetary measures to regulate the aggregate demand in a country to tackle problems like unemployment and inflation. These fiscal and monetary measures may include making investments in large public projects, increasing government spending and purchases, lowering the tax rates, extending loans and lowering interest rates. Increased government spending gives way to the multiplier effect as per which a little increase in the rate of spending results in a more than proportionate rise in th e national income (Pass & Lowes 366). The logic behind the multiplier effect is that though the increase in the rate of spending is small, the multiple numbers of transactions owing to that increase stimulate the economy (Pass & Lowes 366).

The Rise of the Soloist documentary from MyMusicLab Term Paper

The Rise of the Soloist documentary from MyMusicLab - Term Paper Example Rarely in popular music does one see a group performing without highlighting the work of one performer. Most often, the vocalist drives the music, expressing himself through the lyrics and the sound. As well, one can see the break away of the drum, guitar, or bass soloist as they create an interlude between the verses. If one thinks about it, most music is now created from the advent of this rise in popularity of solo performers. The many pieces from the period reflect this shift, but the way in which most music is created in modern popularity has the soloist focus so that the emotional content is given to the audience through focus on one person. The instrumental background becomes secondary to the focus that the audience puts on the work of the soloist. After all, when Elvis hit the stage, who was cheering for the band? In many ways, this shift in focus could signify the single most significant change that influenced modern music. Creating expressive music through the use of the point of view of one individual is the core of the modern sound. While a soloist was not new, the idea of a freely emotional expression from a single person did seem to form during this time. Period. The use of the voice, or any other instrument, as a focal point that set the tone, mood, and tempo, slowing and speeding up as his or her interpretation allowed has allowed the audience to go on the journey that the soloist creates. This journey is a far more personal event with the freedoms that were discovered in the Baroque

The Role of Quality Assurance in Education

The Role of Quality Assurance in Education Providing quality education at a higher level is the need of an hour. Much emphasis has been given to the basic education in the recent past, but providing quality education at a higher level has received ignorance. Quality dimensions seem to have two implications i.e functionality of the output and meeting the basic standards. Hence, the quality of a higher education system may be seen from the point of view of norms and standards, which may evolve depending on the need of an hour. Sustaining quality in teacher input like: curriculum design and development; evaluation of learners performance and progress vis-à  -vis curriculum evaluation and quality management practices become crucial. Therefore, sharing of the experiences among institutions on quality issues may generate ideas for evolving norms and strategies for their quality assurance of management processes, curricular inputs and practices and the evaluation system as well. Of late, various developments have been witnessed relating to quality assurance mainly through intervention of information and communication technologies in education, like networking of open learning system with traditional Universities interdisciplinary interactions at intra-institutional and inter-institutional level, incorporating self financing in their financial management, creation of different statutory and regulatory bodies and national level. Recommendations: Curriculum Planning and management should be studied in the perspective of knowledge management. Integrated approach by involving experts from different fields with major focus on sharing of experiences. Multidisciplinary curriculum must be developed with a view to cater to the needs and fulfillment of expectations of learners, teachers, parents, employers and society in general. Decentralization must be encouraged with a broad frame work of University system. Every University must have its own curriculum. Context, specificity and inquiry oriented experience must be reflected in the curriculum. Curriculum construction should transact in an authentic and real environment. Knowledge and skills must be developed with a view to provide relevance and meaningfulness. Learners involvement must be encouraged to link previous experience with present learning. Teachers should plan mentors of guiding learners to learn instead of directing them. Learners must have ample scope of formulate their own queries and have multiple interpretations of knowledge through self search and experimental learning. Assessment and Accreditation The higher education system of India needs to be expanded to a much greater scale to serve to the needs of Indian youth. Majority of the higher education institutes do not come anywhere near the level of average institutions of higher education in the advanced countries. This vast gap in standards and facilities has been a cause of constant anxiety and concern to the policy makers. The issue of accessibility of quality higher education needs to be addressed in the light of vast economic and social disparities, cultural and linguistic diversities together with the aspirations and capacities of potential students. The accessibility of quality higher education needs to be expanded from elitist to mass education. This issue has significant implications in the sense that it demands redefinitions of the aims of higher education. Recommendations: Accessibility and quality up gradation are inseparable dimensions of higher education. Both should be emphasized equally. The quantitative expansion of higher education for a sub continental size country is of paramount importance to mitigate disparities across regions, gender and social strata in education. Along with quantitative expansion improving quality of higher education is equally important. Emphasis on quality parameter becomes all the more necessary in the light of mushrooming of private institutions with opening up of Indian economy. Setting up of NAAC has sent the right and positive signals for generating and promoting awareness of urgent need of quality up gradation of Colleges and Universities. Quality upgradation is not a one time phenomenon. In view of this, post accreditation complacency must be arrested by evolving quality assurance mechanism for self regulation. The setting up of Internal Quality assurance cell is on such. Effectiveness of quality up gradation in higher education largely depends on quality of primary and secondary education. Institutional mechanism on patterns of NAAC may be set up at these levels. Periodic assessment should be conducted. Workshops/ Seminars/ Conferences and orientations/ Refresher courses should be organized during lean periods in institutional academic work so as not to upset the teaching schedule. More and wide parameters should be identified for assessing the quality of institutions. Assessment and accreditation work should be moved further to the level of teaching and research departments within Universities/ Colleges. While restructuring the syllabi and courses efforts should be made to develop an optimal combination of acquisition of theoretical and practical skills. In restructuring of syllabi, all stakeholders such as students, teachers and users of services should be involved. Examination reforms for regular and continuous assessment of students performance should be made. The critical review of activities of higher educational institutions as well as their budgets needs to be conducted to Phase out obsolete activities. Methods of Up gradation In the higher education system goal of providing quality can be achieved only by the realization of our internal and imperishable being. Our aim in higher educational system at promoting environmental protection, universal peace and internal co-operation, harmony and unity in external space can best be realized through internal purification and perfection. Our education system Endeavour to promote harmonious relationship between both the inner and outer dimensions of the individual environment and the cosmos. Our objective in higher education in not only to promote equality and social justice but also to provide the right kind of work ethos, professional expertise and leadership in all work of life. Above all our endeavor is to foster among teachers and students and through them in society generally integral development of various inherent in physical emotional, rational, aesthetic, ethical and spiritual education. For the higher education such as in technical education we arrange major programmes which are related to review and renewal of the curriculum for education and training of engineer and technicians, modernization of the laborites and workshops and removal of obsolescence and establishment of community polytechnics. For the higher education UGC is established and in addition the UGC has established NAAC to carry out periodical assessment of universities and colleges in the country. For the higher education Open University system such as IGNOU and Kota distance education council has been established so that the higher education gets much simpler and convenient. For the higher education a scheme of career orientation to education has also been launched and for this a number of institutions have introduced career oriented courses in different subjects. For this open learning systems and distance education courses have also contributed significantly to the diversification of courses so that the field of professional stress has come to laid on new areas of studies which have direct relevant to new industry. For the higher education in the field of diversification some selected committees or commission has also launched a TV programme for general awareness in natural science, social science and arts. For the higher education there are number of measures have been taken for quality improvement. These include the development of infrastructure, curriculum, human resource and research. In the higher education system we have to reform the examination system. There is also a programme for reform in the examination system and various experiments have been conducted to ensure that the students are freed from the burden of annual examination and are encouraged to continue to study throughout the entire period of study. Government should make a firm commitment to higher education institutes to make efforts to raise their own resources by raising the fee level, encouraging private donation and by generating revenue through consultancy and other activities. By the higher education we have to develop the national and social education development. The education should have: Address the problems of national development particularly issues concerning self finance, economic growth, employment and social and national integration. Should relate to the life, needs and aspirations of the people and held improve the productivity. Emphasis should be on work experience, vocational studies and improvement in scientific and technological education and research. Inculcate social, moral and spiritual values in the students and thereby society. Role of NGO in education A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a legally constituted organization created by natural or legal persons that operates independently from any government and a term usually used by governments to refer to entities that have no government status. In the cases in which NGOs are funded totally or partially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status by excluding government representatives from membership in the organization. The term is usually applied only to organizations that pursue some wider social aim that has political aspects, but that are not overtly political organizations such as political parties. Unlike the term intergovernmental organization, the term non-governmental organization has no generally agreed legal definition. In many jurisdictions, these types of organization are called civil society organizations or referred to by other names. NGO plays a very vital role in growth of higher education particular in the present scenario of competitive world. There should be partnership between higher educational bodies and NGO in various activities such as: NGO conduct orientation programmes for training of new teacher and also refresher courses in various disciplines for in-service teachers to enable them update their knowledge by some selected members of NGO. NGO helps to enrich the quality of higher education, a country wide classroom programme was launched. In higher education programme NGO also helps in some schemes such as a special films on various subjects are prepared and telecast for the benefit of students and teachers. For the higher education NGO also set up to produce special films and a large numbers of video tapes are being product for transmission on the national T.V. network. NGO helps participating in and contributing to major debates concerning the direction and future of society is seen as a major task. NGO helps to improve productivity by emphasis-sing work experience vocational, improvements in scientific and technological education and research and in many other wide areas. Public Private Partnership (PPP) on Higher Education in India What is PPP? Public-private partnership (PPP) describes a government service or private business venture which is funded and operated through a partnership of government and one or more private sector companies PPP involves a contract between a public-sector authority and a private party, in which the private party provides a public service or project and assumes substantial financial, technical and operational risk in the project. Need for PPPs The provision of schooling is largely provided and financed by governments. However, due to unmet  demand for education coupled with shrinking government budgets, the public sector is developing  innovative partnerships with the private sector. Increased private investment is thus imperative to expand infrastructure and provide greater access to quality higher education in India. EY FICCI report emphasizes that PPPs (Public Private Partnership) could be an effective mechanism for attracting much needed private sector investment in the Indian Higher education system without diluting the regulatory oversight of the Government and other regulators Common Misconceptions about PPPs Public private partnerships are the same as privatization By entering into a public private partnership, public sector loses control over the provision of  services Public private partnerships apply only to infrastructure projects The principal reason for government entering into public private partnerships is to avoid debt Public sector employee will lose under public private partnerships The cost of service will  increase to pay for the private partners profit There are only two partners in a public private partnership Few Figures Indias enrollment figures in higher education remain abysmally low at a mere 11 % compared to that of the US and Canada, where over 60 % of college-age students access higher education, highlighting that public-private partnerships are critical for wooing investment in Indias higher education system. This shortfall in the number of young who are eligible for higher education and the existing infrastructure presents Indias unique challenge, in terms of the sheer scale of its population. India has over 400 universities and more than 20,000 colleges with an enrollment of 14 million students, yet it is grossly inadequate. Partnership Formats in Education This study while covering the concept of public-private partnerships, presents the basic modes of  partnerships that can exist between the government and the private sector in the field of education. PPPs involve the government and private players to work hand-in-hand for providing public infrastructure and other services, while jointly sharing the risks, rewards, investments and responsibility associated with the activity. Partnerships are established for varied reasons including construction, financing, design and maintenance of public infrastructure. PPP in social sectors such as health and education are sometimes referred to as Public-Social Private  Partnership (PSPP). A number of PPP models can exist that range from simple management contracts to BOOT formats. These formats vary in the kind of benefits they yield, few of such formats are Public Private Financing of Higher Education Science / Research Parks   University owned companies Research Focus The research focus is on Public-Private financing of higher education. Let us see this through couple of cases as mentioned below The Melaka-Manipal Medical College PPP Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) India entered into an agreement with Joint Venture Medical  College Corporation (JVMC) Malaysia to start a private medical college in Malaysia. The key objective was to provide additional doctors for Malaysia and offer opportunities for students in the region to study medicine at a cheaper cost than in the West. The agreement led to partnership between the State Government of Melaka, the Manipal Group and members of Indian Diaspora in Malaysia. The local government provided teaching staff, supervisory services along with financial assistance to students. It also allowed use of local government hospitals for training and teaching purposes On the other hand, the private partners contributed to the infrastructure for the Melaka campus with a provision of patient care service and training of staff in the health centers. The private partners also contributed by partially conducting the program in their India campus, as there was a shortage of faculty for basic sciences in Malaysia Benefits Creation of the new college was a step in the direction of increasing the doctor : population ratio. It also led to decreased financial burden for the government as infrastructure costs were borne by the college. The private partners on the other hand, gained an opportunity to establish a college leading to increased overseas exposure, establishment of global reputation and brand name. Funding Through Endowments In November 2008, Indian School of Business (ISB) signed an agreement with the Government of Punjab (GOP) to set up its second campus in India at the Knowledge City, Mohali. The cost of the project is INR 3000 million. To fund the project, ISB succeeded in getting four endowments of INR 500 million each from its founder supporters the Bharti Group, the Max Group, the Hero Group and the Punj Lloyd Group. In return for the endowments, ISB would set up four specialist centers for excellence named after its founder supporters, Max India Institute of Healthcare Management Bharti Institute of Public Policy BML Munjal Institute of Manufacturing and Operation Excellence Punj Lloyd Institute of Physical Infrastructure Management These centers of excellence would promote research in their specific fields as well as provide specialisation  options for management students Benefits For ISB, success in raising a large part of its project costs through endowments enabled achievement of its  growth plans. ISB also recieved commitments from its supporters to provide internships and recruit students from this campus On the other hand, the founder supporters were able to further research in areas of interest to them, as well as  attract more management students to focus and specialize in these areas. They also furthered the cause of improving the quality of education in their home state by attracting a leading management institution Recommendations Encourage private sector funding of higher education Introduce innovative PPP models which encourage high quality players from the private  sector to invest more in the higher education sector Provide tax incentives and simplify norms to attract private investments Enhance impact of Government funding Introduce a mechanism of performance based funding by the Government Encourage HEIs to move towards higher self generation of funds to meet operational expenses, so that Government funds are spent increasing on capacity expansion and quality improvement Rationalize tuition fee and build strong financing structures Rationalize tuition fee structures to internationally accepted levels (~25% of income) which would enable self sustenance of HEIs and reduce strain on public funding Differential pricing may be accorded for students belonging to economically weaker  sections Create robust financing system to support rationalized fee structure through encouragement of scholarships (public and industry sponsored) and increasing student loans coverage through special schemes Support raising of revenue through alternate sources Encourage higher education institutes to identify and develop innovative sources of income other than fees and grants, such as monetization of IP (research patents, licenses), organizing seminars/ public events, consulting etc. For this purpose, set out model practices, incentivize faculty through revenue sharing, and institutes through higher grants for better performance on these factors Develop supportive guidelines and norms to increase utilization of existing assets/land banks of higher education institutes Encourage industrial houses/individuals to give endowments to both public and private HEIs, by providing a 125% weighted tax deduction to all endowments to recognized universities, preferential allotment of seats etc. Improve management of finances at HEIs Support HEIs to obtain access to best in breed finance professionals Conduct seminars and short term courses to share best practices in management of operations at HEIs in order to improve utilization of available finances

Philippine culture Essay

Academic Scientific Psychology or Akademiko-siyentipikal na Sikolohiya: Western Tradition: This follows the tradition of Wilhelm Wundt in 1876 and is essentially the American-oriented Western psychology being studied in the Philippines. Academic Philosophic Psychology or Akademiko-pilosopiya na Sikolohiya: Western Tradition: This was started by priest-professors at the University of Santo Tomas. This tradition is mainly focused on what is called ‘Rational psychology’. Ethnic Psychology or Taal na Sikolohiya: This is the tradition on which Philippine psychology is primarily based. This refers to the indigenous concepts that are studied using indigenous psychological orientation and methodologies. Psycho-medical Religious Psychology or Sikolohiyang Siko-medikal: The tradition that fuses native healing techniques and explains it in an indigenous religious context. By Noeco C. Marquino,BS. Psychology UNO-R. Core value or Kapwa Kapwa, meaning ‘togetherness’, is the core construct of Filipino Psychology. Kapwa refers to community; not doing things alone. Kapwa has two categories, Ibang Tao (other people) and Hindi Ibang Tao (not other people). Ibang Tao (â€Å"outsider†) There are five domains in this construct: Pakikitungo: civility Pakikisalamuha: act of mixing Pakikilahok: act of joining Pakikibagay: conformity Pakikisama: being united with the group. Hindi Ibang Tao (â€Å"one-of-us†) There are three domains in this construct: Pakikipagpalagayang-loob: act of mutual trust Pakikisangkot: act of joining others Pakikipagkaisa: being one with others Pivotal interpersonal value Pakiramdam: Shared inner perceptions. Filipinos use damdam, or the inner perception of others’ emotions, as a basic tool to guide his dealings with other people. Linking socio-personal value Kagandahang-Loob: Shared humanity. This refers to being able to help other people in dire need due to a perception of being together as a part of one Filipino humanity. Accommodative surface values Hiya: Loosely translated as ‘shame’ by most Western psychologists, Hiya is actually ‘sense of propriety’. Utang na Loob: Norm of reciprocity. Filipinos are expected by their neighbors to return favors-—whether these were asked for or not—-when it is needed or wanted. Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa: Smooth Interpersonal Relationship, or SIR, as coined by Lynch (1961 and 1973). This attitude is primarily guided by conformity with the majority. Confrontative surface values Bahala Na: This attitude, loosely translated into English as ‘fatalistic passiveness’, actually describes the Filipino way of life, in which, he is determined to do his best, hence the term bahala na, which actually came from the phrase bathalan na, meaning ‘I will do all my best, let God take care of the rest’. Lakas ng Loob: This attitude is characterized by being courageous in the midst of problems and uncertainties. Pakikibaka: Literally in English, it means concurrent clashes. It refers to the ability of the Filipino to undertake revolutions and uprisings against a common enemy. Societal values Karangalan: Loosely translated to dignity, this actually refers to what other people see in a person and how they use that information to make a stand or judge about his/her worth. Puri: the external aspect of dignity. May refer to how other people judge a person of his/her worth. Dangal: the internal aspect of dignity. May refer to how a person judges his own worth. Katarungan: Loosely translated to justice, this actually refers to equity in giving rewards to a person. Kalayaan: Freedom and mobility. Ironically, this may clash with the less important value of pakikisama or pakikibagay (conformity). Approaches and methods Approaches, or lapit, and methods, or pamamaraan, in Filipino Psychology are different from that of Western Psychology. In Filipino Psychology, the subjects, or participants, called kalahok, are considered as equal in status to the researcher. The participants are included in the research as a group, and not as individuals – hence, an umpukan, or natural cluster, is required to serve as the participants, per se. The researcher is introduced to a natural cluster by a tulay (bridge), who is a part of the umpukan and is a well-respected man in the community. Some of the many approaches and methods used in Filipino Psychology are: Pakikipagkuwentuhan: In this method, the researcher engages in a story-telling with an umpukan. The researcher merely serves as the facilitator, while the kalahok or participants are the one who are to talk. The term kwento, from the Spanish word cuento, literally means ‘to tell a story’. Panunuluyan: In this method, the researcher stays in the home of his kalahok or participant while he conducts the research with consent by the host family, whose head serves as the tulay to an umpukan. The term tuloy, which is the root word of the term panunuluyan, literally means ‘to go in’. Pagdadalaw-dalaw: In this method, the researcher occasionally visits the house of his host or tulay, as opposed to staying in the house. The term dalaw literally means ‘visit’. Pagtatanung-tanong: In this method, the researcher undergoes a kind of questioning session with his kalahok or participants. In this method, however, ‘lead questions’ (those questions which directly refer to the topic being studied) are not supposed to be asked, instead the questions to be asked are supposed to have been derived from the kalahok’s answers themselves. The word tanong literally means ‘question’. Pakikiramdam: In this approach, the researcher uses entirely his/her own feelings or emotions to justify if his participants or kalahok are ready to be part of his research or not. The term damdam literally means ‘inner perception of emotions’. Pakapa-kapa: In this approach, the researcher uses ‘groping’, or a mixture of feelings as well as circumstances, to justify his intrusion into the life of his/her participants or kalahok. The term kapa literally means ‘to grope in the dark’. Psychopathology. Filipino psychopathology, or sikopatolohiya in Filipino, from Spanish psicopatologia, is the study of abnormal psychology in the Filipino context. Several ‘mental’ disorders have been identified that can be found only in the Philippines or in other nations with which Filipinos share racial connections. Examples of such are: Amok: Malayan mood disorder, more aptly called ‘Austronesian Mood Disorder’, in which a person suddenly loses control of himself and goes into a killing frenzy, after which he/she hallucinates and falls into a trance. After he/she wakes up, he has absolutely no memory of the event. Bangungot: A relatively common occurrence in which a person suddenly loses control of his respiration and digestion, and falls into a coma and ultimately to death. The person is believed to dream of falling into a deep abyss at the onset of his death. This syndrome has been repeatedly linked to Thailand’s Brugada syndrome and to the ingestion of rice. However, no such medical ties have been proven. Filipino psychopathology also refers to the different manifestations of mental disorders in Filipino people. One example of such is the manifestation of depression and schizophrenia in Filipinos, which are for the most part, less violent. Psycho-medicine See also: Philippine Mythology Filipino psychomedicine, or sikomedikal na sikolohiya in Filipino, is the application of basic psychology to native healing practices loosely considered as ‘medicine’. These practices are closely tied to the faith healers, as well as to the native pagan priestesses like the babaylan or katalonan, who were suppressed by the Spaniards during their colonization of the Philippines. Examples of such practices include: Hilot: The use of massage to aid a pregnant mother in the delivery of her child. Kulam: Hex or bewitchment. Lihi: An intense craving for something or someone during pregnancy. Faith healers or manghihilot testify that if the craving is not satisfied, abnormality of the child may result. Pasma: A concept that explains how init (heat) and lamig (cold) together can result in illness, especially rheumatism. Susto: Soul-flight. Derived from Latin American traditions. Pagtatawas: A method of diagnosing illness wherein alum (called tawas) is ritualistically used by the albularyo or medicine man for diagnosis of a variety of health conditions. The tawas is used to ‘cross’ (sign of the cross) the forehead and other suspicious or ailing parts of the body as prayers are being whispered (bulong or oracion). It is then placed on glowing embers, removed when it starts to crack, then transferred to a small receptacle of water. As it cools, its softened form spreads on the water surface and assumes a shape that may suggest the cause of the illness, often one of several indigenous forces: dwarfs, devils or other evil spirits (na-nuno, na-kulam, na-demonyo). The water in the vehicle is then used to anoint the ailing part or parts of the body to counteract the evil forces or illness. The tawas is then discarded and thrown westward, preferably into the setting sun. Usog: A concept that explains how a baby who has been greeted by a stranger acquires a mysterious illness. Apparently derived from the Spanish tradition of Mal de Ojo. Gaba or gabaa: The Cebuano concept of negative Karma. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Filipino_psychology History of Sikolohiyang Pilipino, or the â€Å"Psychology of, about, and for the Filipinos†. Psychology as an academic discipline in the Philippines started in the early 1900s when the U. S. colonized the country. Scientifically, it was generally viewed as a continuation of the development of psychology in the West. In the early 1970s, however, there came a turning point in the lives of Filipinos. It was a period marked by a high degree of nationalism, brought about by the declaration of the Martial Law. It was ironic that the father of Philippine Psychology was, at that time, a recent Ph. D. graduate of Northwestern University in the U. S. More on this topic. Filipino Values – Indigenous Concepts in Filipino Psychology Cultural, Societal Traditions Remain Integral Part of Philippines Skin Whitening and Dark Beauty in the Philippines It was precisely his Western education that made Sikolohiyang Pilipino founder Virgilio Enriquez realize the need to have a psychology based on the experience, ideas, and orientation of the Filipinos. Together with three other colleagues—Prospero Covar (anthropologist), and Zeus Salazar (historian), and Alfredo Lagmay (psychologist)—they helped establish the foundation for a psychology of and for the Filipinos. Enriquez had been a professor of Psychology in the University of the Philippines in Diliman in 1963, but left in 1966 for the U. S. to pursue a Ph. D. in Social Psychology. From there, he watched the disenchantment of young student activists in the Philippines over the deteriorating political and social conditions of the country. When Enriquez returned to the Philippines in 1971, he embarked on a research study with Lagmay into the historical and cultural roots of Philippine Psychology, which included identifying indigenous concepts and approaches. Four years later, he chaired the first national conference on Filipino Psychology. In this conference, the ideas, concepts, and formulations of Sikolohiyang Pilipino were formally articulated. Sikolohiyang Pilipino in the University of the Philippines When Enriquez returned from the States, he and a few other colleagues translated foreign articles to Filipino. The students were also strongly encouraged to write their papers in this language instead of in English, which had been (and still is) the medium of instruction in the University. Gradually, more and more members of the faculty were convinced to use the Filipino language in teaching Introductory Psychology. The main problems they encountered in the use of Filipino in teaching psychology, especially in its initial years, included the lack of materials written in Filipino and the lack of a technical vocabulary. These challenges were solved by translations, compilations of local materials, and choosing the appropriate words from the local dialect. There were times when the technical term was retained when there was no equivalent in Filipino. This did not work out because Enriquez realized that the translation failed to express a truly Filipino psychology. Other factors were the difficulty of expressing or explaining some Western concepts and theories in Filipino, the negative reactions of students who sometimes felt that their skill in speaking and writing in Filipino was inadequate, and the students’ lack of fluency in the language. However, there were observable benefits as well brought about by the use of Filipino in teaching psychology. Among other things: It created better rapport between teacher and students There was a more relaxed atmosphere in the classroom The students’ confidence grew in expressing their opinions, thoughts, and actual experiences. A different perspective, which was more Filipino, was introduced into the course Indigenous concepts were discovered; and The scope of topics discussed became broader with the addition of information from local materials and experiences. Class discussions also became more concrete in relation to Philippine reality. Psychology became related intimately and significantly to the everyday life of the people. Most importantly, with the birth of Sikolohiyang Pilipino, a psychology with a Filipino orientation was developed. The Status of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Now. Sikolohiyang Pilipino continues to thrive, despite the death of Enriquez in the early 90s. Its proponents continue to advocate for a psychology that is truly responsive and reflective to the needs and the unique situation of the Filipino people. http://www. stumbleupon. com/su/2DjFxC/www. suite101. com/content/sikolohiyang-pilipino–the-history-of-philippine-psychology-a316940/ Filipino Psychology or Sikolohiyang Pilipino has basic concepts based on indigenous Filipino values, including hiya, bahala na, and utang na loob. According to founder Virgilio Enriquez,Sikolohiyang Pilipino or Filipino. Psychology is psychology in the Philippines, for and about the Filipinos. It has a number of concepts uniquely based on Filipino values. Filipino Values in Focus One of the major focus of Sikolohiyang Pilipino are the values and concepts interpreted by foreign social scientists. Bahala na had been compared to the American â€Å"fatalism. † In Thomas Andres’s Dictionary of Filipino Culture and Values, it is defined as â€Å"the attitude that makes him accept sufferings and problems leaving everything to God†¦this is a fatalistic resignation or withdrawal from an engagement or crisis or a shirking from personal responsibility. † For Filipino psychologists, however, bahala na is not â€Å"fatalism† but determination and risk-taking. Filipinos do not leave their fate to God when they say bahala na; rather they are telling themselves that they are ready to face the difficult situation before them and will do their best to achieve their objectives. It is a way of pumping courage into their system before a difficult task. Ads by Google Expat & Local Counselling International team of therapists for kids, teens, adults, & couples www. thecounsellingplace. com Meditation – Free MP3s Above the clouds, The sun is always shining. www. ramatalks. com Hiya and Other Misinterpreted Filipino Values Hiya is another concept indigenous to the Filipinos, and it is literally translated as â€Å"shame. † This interpretation of hiya is inadequate because it does not consider the other meanings of the word in different circumstances and form. Armando Bonifacio said that nakakahiya (embarrassing) is different from napahiya (placed in an awkward position) and ikinahihiya (be embarrassed with someone). Zeus Salazar also said that there are internal and external aspects of hiya. Foreign scholars have captured only the external aspect. The more appropriate translation of hiya is not â€Å"shame,† but â€Å"sense of propriety. † More on this topic Sikolohiyang Pilipino – The History of Philippine Psychology Food in the Philippines Reflects Different Cultural Influences Cultural, Societal Traditions Remain Integral Part of Philippines For Western psychologist Charles Kaut, utang na loob is â€Å"debt of gratitude. † This definition identified the utang (debt) only, ignoring the other concepts related to loob such as sama ng loob, kusang loob, and lakas ng loob. Utang na loob became convenient in perpetuating the colonial status of the Filipino mind. For Enriquez, reciprocity maintains the image of colonizer as benefactor. When utang na loob is looked at in the Filipino context, it becomes not â€Å"debt of gratitude† but â€Å"gratitude / human solidarity. † It is not a big a burden as â€Å"debt† is because in the Filipino culture of interpersonal relations, there is always the opportunity to return a favor. It is not obligatory in the immediate future; it could be fulfilled in the next generation. It binds a person to his/her home community. Pakikisama is another Filipino value that has been misinterpreted by foreign psychologists. For Frank Lynch (1961), it is maintaining â€Å"smooth interpersonal relations by going along with the majority; conformity. † For Enriquez, though, it is just one of the eight identifiable levels and modes of interaction in the Philippine society, which range from civility to oneness with. It approximately means conformity but it is not slavish conformity. This becomes evident only when one also looks at the different levels of interaction, which shows that all those starting with paki is oriented to â€Å"others. † The term pakikisama was therefore taken out of context. Sikolohiyang Pilipino in Social Research. The whole range of interaction can be summarized by the term pakikipagkapwa (an orientation/commitment toward one’s fellowman) better than pakikisama. Kapwa (unity of self and others/shared identity) embraces both categories of outsider and insider. Enriquez gave the following scale of relationship between researcher and participant: Ibang Tao Category (Outsider) Pakikitungo (civility with) Pakikisalamuha (interaction with) Pakikilahok (participation with) Pakikibagay (in accord with/level of conforming) Pakikisama (being along with/level of adjusting) Hindi Ibang Tao Category (One-of-Us). Pakikipagpalagayang-loob (being in rapport/understanding/level of mutual trust) Pakikisangkot (level of active involvement) Pakikiisa (being one with/level of oneness and full trust) Indigenous research methods identified in Sikolohiyang Pilipino as appropriate in Philippine culture are pagmamasid (general looking around), pakikiramdam (feeling through or sensing), pagtatanung-tanong (asking questions), pagsubok (testing the situation), pagdalaw-dalaw (occasional visits), pakikilahok (participation), pakikisangkot (deeper involvement), pakapa-kapa (groping), and pakikialam (concerned interference). The field of psychology in the Philippines is growing. With the increasing number of Filipino psychologists realizing the need to indigenize the field, as well as the number of research studies being done using Sikolohiyang Pilipino methods, it can only prosper in the future. Reference: Enriquez, V. (Ed. ). (1990). Indigenous psychology: A book of readings. Quezon City: Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino.